import java.math.*;

/* This is a program that demonstrate some of the new methods in Java 8 that deal with unsigned integers.

The focus is to show (a) the capacity limitation of a Java int or Integer, and

(b) how to bypass that limitation by converting a signed integer to long or BigInteger.

*/

public class IntegerTest {

public static void main(String args[]) {

Integer signedInt = new Integer( Integer.MAX_VALUE );

System.out.printf("The maximum value of a signed Integer in Java = %,d.\n",

Integer.MAX_VALUE);

signedInt++;

System.out.printf("After signedInt++, signedInt = %,d.\n", signedInt);

System.out.println();

System.out.println("\nTesting the unsigned methods of the Integer class...");

Integer int1 = new Integer ( Integer.MAX_VALUE ) + 1;

Integer int2 = new Integer ( Integer.MAX_VALUE ) + 2;

System.out.printf("When shown as signed integers: int1 = %,d, int2 = %,d.\n", int1, int2);

if ( Integer.compareUnsigned (int1, int2) > 0) {

System.out.printf("%,d > %,d.\n", int1, int2);

}

else if ( Integer.compareUnsigned (int1, int2) < 0) {

System.out.printf("%,d < %,d.\n", int1, int2);

}

else {

System.out.printf("%,d == %,d.\n", int1, int2);

}

long long1 = Integer.toUnsignedLong(int1);

long long2 = Integer.toUnsignedLong(int2);

System.out.printf("When shown as long (unsigned integers): int1 = %,d, int2 = %,d.\n", long1, long2);

if ( Long.compareUnsigned (long1, long2) > 0) {

System.out.printf("%,d > %,d.\n", long1, long2);

}

else if ( Long.compareUnsigned (long1, long2) < 0) {

System.out.printf("%,d < %,d.\n", long1, long2);

}

else {

System.out.printf("%,d == %,d.\n", long1, long2);

}

//BigInteger may also be used to handle very large integers.

System.out.printf("\nTesting with the class BigInteger...\n");

BigInteger bigInt = new BigInteger("1");

BigInteger bigInt2 = new BigInteger("2");

bigInt2 = bigInt2.pow(32);

System.out.printf("bigInt2 = %,d\n", bigInt2);

bigInt2 = bigInt2.add(bigInt);

System.out.printf("bigInt2 = %,d.\n", bigInt2);

}

}